Intellectual property
Overcoming market failure: The challenge of neglected diseases
Jan 2013
Chapter
There is a particular problem in incentivizing medical R&D for diseases that disproportionately affect poor people in developing countries as the market mechanisms, such as intellectual property rights (IPRs), do not work in this case. A key factor is the limited purchasing power of both governments and patients in the countries where such diseases predominate; unlike for other diseases, there is no positive spillover from drug development targete Read More
Geographical indications
Nov 2020
Chapter
This chapter explains the provisions of Section 3 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement entitled ‘Geographical Indications’. A geographical indication (GI) is defined in the TRIPS Agreement as an indication which identifies a good as originating in the territory of a member, or a regional locality in that territory, where a given quality, reputation or other characteristic of the good is essentially attributable to its geographical origin. Typical examples would be ‘Cogna Read More
Appendices
Oct 2015
Chapter
I would like to thank you very much for inviting me to this Symposium. It is really great to be back in Geneva. I have, indeed, very fond memories of my long stay here and coming back gives me the great pleasure to meet dear, old friends.
Revisiting the TRIPS negotiations: Genesis and structure of this book
Oct 2015
Chapter
The 1986 Punta del Este Declaration inaugurated a set of negotiations on “traderelated aspects of intellectual property rights” as part of the Uruguay Round mandate for multilateral trade negotiations. These negotiations led, ultimately, to the conclusion of the TRIPS Agreement, an integral element of the single undertaking constituting the legal framework for the newly established WTO which came into existence in 1995.
Un monde de possibilités … et de défis
Apr 2019
Chapter
D’après une étude publiée par le Parlement européen en 2017, la chaîne de blocs pourrait « changer nos vies » (Boucher, 2017). Ce que montrent les différentes applications de la chaîne de blocs qui sont mises au point dans des domaines aussi divers que le financement du commerce, la facilitation des échanges, le commerce des services, la propriété intellectuelle et les marchés publics, c’est que la chaîne de blocs peut avoir un impact considéra Read More
Preface
Oct 2015
Chapter
This book was conceived in mid-2014 when members of the Intellectual Property Division (IPD) of the WTO began to reflect on what facets of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) could be highlighted for WTO members and the public at large in 2015, a year marking the 20th anniversary both of the WTO and of the entry into force of the TRIPS Agreement. The IPD, under the leadership of its Director, Antony Taubm Read More
Working together towards TRIPS
Oct 2015
Chapter
The negotiations on IP during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade negotiations of the GATT (1986–94) were able to build upon a large body of existing law, both international and domestic. The main disciplines and notions of IP protection were already well established at the inception of the negotiations in 1986, with the adoption of the Ministerial Declaration in Punta del Este and its compromise that meant that negotiations would be conducted only Read More
Undisclosed information, unfair competition and anti-competitive practices
Nov 2020
Chapter
This chapter deals with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that set out standards for protection of undisclosed information, including test data (Article 39 of Section 7 in Part II of the Agreement) and measures for the control of anti-competitive practices in licences (Article 40 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement). It also deals with the suppression of unfair competition, a matter which is specifically referred to in Articles 22 (relating to protection of geographi Read More
Industrial designs and layout-designs of integrated circuits
Nov 2020
Chapter
This chapter deals with the provisions of the TRIPS Agreement that set out standards for protection of industrial designs (Articles 25 and 26 in Section 4 of Part II of the Agreement) and protection of layout-designs or topographies of integrated circuits (Articles 35 to 38 in Section 6 of Part II). As for all sections of Part II, these sections have to be read together with the relevant provisions of pre-existing treaties in the area of international IP law, which are in Read More
Introduction
Nov 2018
Chapter
The world is continually changing, driven by technological innovations that affect the way we live and do business. The history of the world economy is intimately linked to technological progress. The invention of the steam engine mechanized production, the discovery of electricity enabled mass production, and the rise of the internet made it possible to coordinate various production stages at a distance, leading to a fragmentation of production that g Read More
Acknowledgements
Nov 2018
Chapter
My sincere thanks go to my colleague Ms Kenza Le Mentec for her precious guidance. Kenza introduced me to the subject and provided invaluable inputs, in particular for the technical sections describing the technology and the section on trade facilitation. This publication would not have been possible without her support.
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