Intellectual property
Negotiating for Hong Kong
Oct 2015
Chapter
Hong Kong’s overall approach to the TRIPS negotiations was made clear to the other participants from an early stage: Hong Kong held itself out as the exemplar of free trade, with a mature, respected legal system, providing comprehensive protection across the range of IP to right holders.
Executive summary
Jul 2020
Chapter
Public health is inherently a global challenge and thus assumes high priority for international cooperation. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the directing and coordinating authority for health, but the interaction between health issues and other policy domains human rights, development policy, intellectual property (IP) and international trade creates a strong rationale for cooperation and coordination between the WHO and other intern Read More
Introduction
Apr 2019
Chapter
Le monde est en constante évolution, porté par les innovations technologiques qui influent sur notre façon de vivre et de faire des affaires. L’histoire de l’économie mondiale est intimement liée aux progrès technologiques. L’invention de la machine à vapeur a conduit à la mécanisation de la production, la découverte de l’électricité a permis la production de masse et, grâce à l’essor d’Internet, il est devenu possible de coordonner à distance les différ Read More
Appendix 1: Guide to TRIPS notifications
Jan 2012
Chapter
The TRIPS Agreement gives effect to a principle of transparency, founded on a system of notifications about how countries choose to implement TRIPS provisions. These notifications, built up since 1996, now amount to a useful collection of factual information about national IP systems, as well as specific details on key issues such as incentives for transfer of technology, and contact points within national systems. These notifications help the Council Read More
Patents
Nov 2020
Chapter
This chapter explains the provisions of Section 5 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement entitled ‘Patents’. Section 5, which contains eight articles, from Article 27 to Article 34, sets out the obligations of members with respect to standards concerning the availability, scope and use of patents. Starting with a general explanation of terms, this chapter goes on to explain each specific provision in this Section of the TRIPS Agreement.
Preface
Nov 2020
Chapter
At the heart of the World Trade Organization (WTO) is a set of rules that regulate trade between nations: a body of agreements which have been negotiated and signed by governments of most of the world’s trading nations, with the aim of promoting transparency, predictability and nondiscrimination in trading relations. These agreements, covering trade in goods, trade in services and trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights, help to define an Read More
Patents: An Indian perspective
Oct 2015
Chapter
In this chapter, I share my recollections as a representative of India from 1989–90 in the TRIPS negotiations, focusing on India’s defensive interests with respect to the patent provisions of the TRIPS Agreement. I also include some relevant background information, as well as some recollections of my interaction with other parties to the TRIPS negotiations.
The TRIPS negotiations: An overview
Oct 2015
Chapter
As a former official within the Secretariat of the GATT/WTO with responsibility for TRIPS matters, my aim in this chapter is to set the scene for the contributions to this book of the negotiators themselves, by outlining the origins and various stages of the negotiations that led to the TRIPS Agreement. I will also make some general observations on the negotiations, in particular on how it proved possible to negotiate an agreement as substantial as the Read More
Trademarks
Nov 2020
Chapter
This chapter explains the provisions of Section 2 of Part II of the TRIPS Agreement entitled ‘Trademarks’. This Section contains seven articles, from Article 15 to Article 21, and deals with the protection that members have to make available for trademarks.
Foreword by the Directors-General
Jan 2013
Chapter
Public health has been a priority for global action for many years. The right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health is a universal human right, just as the burden of disease is shared by all humanity.
TRIPS and public health
Nov 2020
Chapter
Public health has been one of the most extensively discussed aspects of the TRIPS Agreement, both in terms of the treaty text itself and its implementation at the domestic level. Its significance is borne out by a proclamation at the ministerial level, the 2001 Doha Declaration on the TRIPS Agreement and Public Health (Doha Declaration), and by the ensuing amendment of the Agreement itself, the first amendment of any WTO multilateral trade agreemen Read More
Access to medical technologies: The context
Jan 2013
Chapter
This chapter offers an overview of the main determinants of access related to health systems, intellectual property (IP) and trade policy. Many other very important socio-economic factors determine access to medical technologies – factors such as health financing, the importance of a qualified health care workforce, poverty and cultural issues – and lack of access is rarely due entirely to a single determinant but these are not addressed in this study, Read More
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