Indonesia
La participación en la economía digital: cuestiones y programa para la adopción de la hoja de ruta para el comercio electrónico en Indonesia
En el presente estudio se analizan las cuestiones estructurales y prácticas planteadas por la adopción de la hoja de ruta para el comercio electrónico de Indonesia (2017-2019) y sus implicaciones para el futuro de la economía digital de este país. Se examinan dos categorías principales de cuestiones a fin de determinar los problemas y retos con que se enfrentan en cada caso las partes interesadas. La primera categoría a saber la de las cuestiones estructurales se enmarca en el contexto más amplio de la gestión de la economía digital nacional con la que están relacionadas las actividades de comercio electrónico. El contexto de la gobernanza abarca el marco jurídico y reglamentario el mecanismo de institucionalización y las fases de aplicación que comportan interacciones socioeconómicas y político-económicas entre los principales agentes. La segunda categoría abarca las dimensiones prácticas a saber cuestiones relacionadas con la mitigación y la adaptación a conceptos modelos y prácticas de la economía digital. Se presentan la posición de Indonesia con respecto a la moratoria relativa al comercio electrónico y las iniciativas locales en materia de economía digital para ilustrar los esfuerzos de mitigación de las partes interesadas en ámbitos en que ha habido discrepancias y negociaciones sobre determinadas cuestiones de política estructurales y prácticas es decir la posición de Indonesia sobre la moratoria de la Organización Mundial del Comercio (OMC) relativa al comercio electrónico e iniciativas locales (como las adoptadas en Yogyakarta) para el desarrollo de una economía digital.
Export Boom, Employment Bust? The Paradox of Indonesia’s Displaced Workers, 2000–2014
Charles Dickens’ phrase “it was the best of times; it was the worst of times” is for many Indonesian workers an apt summary of their experience during the early 2000s. While the national economy and especially its resource-exporting sectors enjoyed trade-driven growth of unprecedented magnitude and duration millions of blue-collar workers and labor market entrants found themselves paradoxically sidelined from well-paid jobs in manufacturing and instead forced to seek livelihoods in low-paid low-skill service sector jobs. This happened at a time when many Asian countries led by the People’s Republic of China were enjoying (continued) expansion of manufacturing trade by participating in global production networks which in turn created better employment opportunities for their less-skilled agricultural workforces. For many Indonesians on the other hand the boom was a period of stagnating real wages and diminished earnings prospects even as national income and spending surged ahead and overall expectations for the future became increasingly bright. For workers the consequence of job displacement due to structural change would have been particularly severe during this time.
Indonesia
The emergence of democracy in Indonesia as a result of the economic crisis in the late 1990s has brought significant changes to the policy-making process in the country. The reform advocates who emerged following the downfall of the authoritarian Suharto regime saw liberalization and engagement with the global economy as key to advancing economic reform in Indonesia. While recognizing the importance of concluding the global trade negotiations under the auspices of the World Trade Organization (WTO) Indonesia also remains committed to pursuing liberalization at the regional level through its membership of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Recently Indonesia has also engaged in bilateral preferential trade agreements (PTAs) in part due to the stalling of the Doha Round negotiations but also because the pursuit of PTAs by Indonesia’s immediate neighbours has generated fear among government and economic actors about the possible loss of competitiveness in key export markets.