Economic research and trade policy analysis

International trade is integral to the process of globalization. Over many years, governments in most countries have increasingly opened their economies to international trade, whether through the multilateral trading system, increased regional cooperation or as part of domestic reform programmes. Trade and globalization more generally have brought enormous benefits to many countries and citizens. Trade has allowed nations to benefit from specializa Read More

The World Trade Report is a new annual publication produced by the WTO Secretariat. Each year, the WTR will explore trends in world trade and highlight important issues in the world trading system. In addition to monitoring and interpreting trade developments, the Report seeks to deepen public understanding of pressing policy issues. The WTR does not pretend to provide comprehensive answers to complex and many-sided questions subject to continuin Read More

This is a critical year in the world’s collaborative effort to end global poverty and boost the incomes of the poorest. We will endorse the Sustainable Development Goals, develop a plan for financing for development, and reach for a landmark agreement to mitigate and adapt to climate change. If we are to end extreme poverty by 2030, we must do all we can in this final push to raise the incomes of the extreme poor. The Role of Trade in Ending Po Read More

El comercio Sur-Sur se ha promovido desde hace mucho tiempo como medio de reducir la dependencia de los países en desarrollo respecto de los mercados de los países desarrollados y de aumentar la diversificación de las exportaciones del Sur para que éstas no se limiten a productos primarios. La mayoría de los mecanismos creados para fomentar la cooperación entre los países en desarrollo eran principalmente de alcance subregional y regional, y mu Read More

La croissance économique sans précédent du dernier quart de siècle s’est nécessairement accompagnée d’un changement économique sans précédent.

WTO members are frequently referred to as “countries”, although some members are not countries in the usual sense of the word but are officially “customs territories”. The definition of geographical and other groupings in this report does not imply an expression of opinion by the WTO Secretariat concerning the status of any country or territory, the delimitation of its frontiers, nor the rights and obligations of any WTO member in respect of WTO agreemen Read More

This chapter provides a case study tracing the impact of domestic regulation on market structure in the retail distribution services sector and its ultimate effects on consumer food prices. Taking Israel, a small and relatively liberalized Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) economy, as an example, our research investigates whether market concentration and the absence of international competition can be attributed to domest Read More

It is a central premise of the World Trade Organization (WTO) that trade drives growth and development. By liberalizing trade, countries benefit not only from increased access to technology and consumer goods but also from the chance to find new markets and connect to global value chains. This can quickly translate into GDP growth and a rise in the standard of living. But why do some countries seem to benefit more – and more quickly – than others? Read More

Dans la présente section, on examinera la manière dont la normalisation et l’évaluation de la conformité fonctionnent dans la pratique et les caractéristiques pertinentes des infrastructures mises en place à cet effet dans différentes régions du monde. On considérera tout d’abord le processus de normalisation: les endroits où il a lieu, la manière dont il est organisé et ses protagonistes. On étudiera ensuite, dans la sous-section 2, l’organisation de l’évaluation Read More

This report was made possible thanks to the funding of the Swedish Government.

El objetivo del presente informe es mejorar la comprensión de los efectos del comercio y de la política comercial en la igualdad de género y facilitar a los responsables de la formulación de políticas datos sobre los beneficios que el comercio entraña para las mujeres, así como posibles soluciones de política. El informe se sirve de un marco conceptual que muestra los distintos canales de transmisión a través de los cuales el comercio y la política comerci Read More

As in many developing countries, the telecommunications services sector in China has for a long time been monopolized by the state through the Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (MPT). Established in 1949, the MPT is not only the regulator of telecommunications services, but also the sole owner and operator. Not surprisingly, such monopoly has resulted in the slow growth of the sector. However, such slow growth did not cause major problems Read More

There are different ways to analyze the global economy. One is to view it through the lens of growth and structural change in individual economies, developed and developing. A second is to use the lens of global value chains (GVCs), the complex network structure of flows of goods, services, capital and technology across national borders. Both are useful and they are complementary to one another.

Le système commercial mondial a toujours été façonné par le progrès technologique. Non seulement la technologie est un déterminant des coûts du commerce, mais encore elle définit quels produits peuvent faire l’objet d’échanges transfrontières et elle influe sur les profils d’avantage comparatif.

Tajikistan was part of the Great Silk Road, a system of caravan routes connecting Eurasian countries between the second century BC and the fifteenth century AD. The development of trade throughout Central Asia encouraged the people of this region to adapt to the demands and requirements of consumers thousands of kilometres away, both in western Europe and in China. Tajikistan’s principal rationale for seeking WTO membership was t Read More

Forms of collective action and balanced commitment through negotiations were the foundation of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the structure for its daily work. These remain at the centrepiece of work in the WTO, in a system structured on the balance of rights and obligations. GATT contracting parties established the principles of balance and reciprocity, trade liberalisation and a system of mediation and dispute settlement for Read More

En la presente sección se examinan las características fundamentales del comercio de recursos naturales desde una perspectiva teórica. ¿Constituye el comercio un mecanismo eficiente para garantizar el acceso a los recursos naturales? ¿Qué efectos tiene el comercio en los recursos finitos o agotables, incluso en condiciones de “acceso libre”, en que los recursos naturales son de propiedad y acceso comunes? ¿Tiene el comercio efectos en el me Read More

The WTO Chairs Programme (WCP) was launched in 2010 as a capacity-building project. It aims to enhance knowledge and understanding of the trading system among academics and policy makers in developing countries through curriculum development, research and outreach activities by universities and research institutions. Information on the WCP is available at www.wto.org/wcp.

Any views given in this dictionary on WTO agreements, provisions, panel and Appellate Body reports, or any other information provided by the WTO, are the sole responsibility of the author. They do not necessarily represent the views of WTO Members, the WTO Secretariat or the Appellate Body. As such, the definitions in this dictionary do not constitute authoritative interpretations of the legal texts of the WTO. They are presented for illustrative purposes only.

Participants in the Information Technology Agreement (ITA) significantly liberalized trade in information technology (IT) products by reducing the rates of both the bound (the maximum rate that a WTO member can legally levy on a certain product) and most-favoured nation applied tariffs (those applied in practice by governments).

This section describes the rise of digital technologies and identifies the technological forces that have helped propel their growth. It examines how digital technologies are changing the economy by giving rise to new markets, goods and services, and discusses some of the concerns that have arisen in parallel regarding privacy, market concentration, the impact on productivity and the digital divide. The section also discusses the methodological and data Read More

A core feature of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is that they offer, or are supposed to offer, WTO-plus liberalization. The question that this book examines is how these WTO-plus elements could be ‘multilateralized’. To give teeth to WTO-plus benefits in RTAs, most RTAs include regional dispute settlement. This chapter analyses how these regional dispute settlement systems, and the legal disciplines they enforce, interact with multilateral dispute settleme Read More

Since the 2008-09 financial crisis, industrial employment in some economies has seen accelerated decline and international competition in mature industrial sectors has tightened; the evolution of productivity and wages has slowed; and a new economy enabled by digital technologies has emerged. In this context, industrial and innovation policies have undergone renewal, and these “new industrial policies” are reflecting a duality inherent to all government p Read More

Les services sont devenus le secteur le plus dynamique du commerce mondial – mais d’une manière qui n’est pas toujours reconnue ou comprise. Non seulement ils dominent aujourd’hui de nombreuses économies nationales, mais ils jouent aussi un rôle plus important dans l’économie mondiale. Cela s’explique par de nombreux facteurs – dont la consommation, la libéralisation et l’investissement –, mais c’est la technologie qui a changé la donn Read More

As the agenda of trade facilitation achieves more prominence on the international stage, the prioritization of interventions takes on increasing importance. Discussions of trade facilitation often take in anything that might promote trade other than tariff reduction. In its broadest sense, trade facilitation can include both eliminating nontariff measures (NTMs), often defined as policies other than tariffs that impede trade (compare UNCTAD, 2010), reforms to cu Read More

Over the past decades, trade flows have become increasingly global. Today, South- South trade represents around one-half of global trade and the top ranks of major traders are not exclusively occupied by industrialized countries (OECD, 2010). Trade now spans all major world regions and continues to grow within and across those regions. Trade also takes new forms as trade in goods is increasingly accompanied by trade in tasks. Capital flows more freely ac Read More

The book you are about to close picked up on the evolving discussion on accessions and trade multilateralism. The first book on the subject, WTO Accessions and Trade Multilateralism: Case Studies and Lessons from the WTO at Twenty, looked back. It took stock of two decades of accessions to the WTO, their welfare and development outcomes, the resulting improvements to market access, and their contribution to domestic reforms and to the rules-ba Read More

Un objetivo fundamental de la OMC es promover el desarrollo económico mediante una participación efectiva en el comercio mundial. En lo que respecta a la cuestión de cómo pueden los países en desarrollo derivar mayores beneficios de su participación en el sistema de comercio, tienen pertinencia tres aspectos de la estructura y las normas de la OMC. En primer lugar, las normas propiamente dichas, junto con las excepciones e interpretaciones Read More

Motivated by Germany’s economic weakness and high labour market inflexibility, The Economist (1999) once described the country as “the sick man of the euro”. The public debate surrounding this statement considered Germany as one of the major threats to the euro, due to its persistently high rates of unemployment since the mid-1970s. The rather low levels of job creation were presumed to be caused by labour market institutions, including res Read More

The COVID-19 pandemic has neatly illustrated the multi-faceted ways in which globalization touches our lives. The deep interconnections of travel, trade and financial flows that characterize our era allowed the novel coronavirus and its associated economic shocks to spread around the world in a matter of weeks. Earlier pandemics took months, even years, to go global.

Comme c’est le cas pour d’autres services de transport, la relation entre le transport aérien et le commerce international se situe à deux niveaux. D’une part, le transport aérien est commercialisé en tant que service à part entière. D’autre part, il constitue un service intermédiaire essentiel pour de nombreux autres types d’échanges, qu’il s’agisse de marchandises ou de services (par exemple le tourisme). De nombreuses études ont fait ressortir l’impor Read More

If the economy is to benefit from technological change and trade, workers will often have to change jobs or occupations, a process which may cause dislocation for workers. The more smoothly this process takes place in the labour market, the lower the adjustment costs for displaced workers and the greater the net gains to society from technological change and trade. Governments and other institutions can make the labour market more resp Read More

This chapter asks whether distinctions exist between the original WTO least-developed country (LDC) members and the Article XII LDCs in respect of their obligations under the WTO Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement. The chapter examines the evidence from the protocols of accession of the seven Article XII LDCs in the context of the associated treaty dialogue in their working party reports. It finds that distinctions ex Read More

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2017 a été établi sous la responsabilité générale de Xiaozhun Yi, Directeur général adjoint de l’OMC, et de Robert Koopman, Directeur de la Division de la recherche économique et des statistiques. Cette année, la rédaction du rapport a été coordonnée par Marc Bacchetta et José-Antonio Monteiro. Les auteurs du rapport sont Marc Bacchetta, Cosimo Beverelli, John Hancock, Mark Koulen, Viktor Kummritz, J Read More

This report was jointly prepared by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Secretariat of the World Trade Organization (WTO).

International trade in fuels and pharmaceuticals has expanded at above-average rates in recent years, affecting the structure of global merchandise trade flows. These developments are examined here.

Au cours des derniers mois, le commerce a subi une contraction sans précédent depuis les années 30 par suite du ralentissement spectaculaire de l’économie mondiale provoqué avant tout par l’effondrement d’établissements financiers de premier plan. La croissance du commerce sera fortement négative cette année et il ne faut pas s’attendre à une reprise soutenue de l’économie avant 2010. Cette conjoncture défavorable met à rude épr Read More

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial et les opinions qui y sont exprimées relèvent de la seule responsabilité du Secrétariat de l’OMC. Ils ne prétendent pas refléter les vues des Membres de l’OMC. Les principaux auteurs du rapport souhaitent aussi exonérer ceux qui les ont aidés par leurs commentaires de toute responsabilité quant à d’éventuelles erreurs ou omissions.