Economic research and trade policy analysis
The facilitation of trade by the rule of law: The cases of Singapore and ASEAN
Geography is unkind. This could be a result of historical accident wars or colonial boundaries but the results are the same. The classical definition of the factors of production is land labour and capital. It is a fact of life that some countries have a limited supply of all three.
Tendances récentes du commerce international
En 2005 l’économie mondiale a progressé de 33 pour cent taux plus faible qu’en 2004 mais quand même légèrement supérieur à la moyenne de la décennie. Dans la plupart des régions la croissance économique est restée vigoureuse bien qu’elle ait été moins forte que l’année précédente. Seule l’Europe a encore enregistré une faible croissance du PIB – inférieure de plus de moitié au taux observé en Amérique du Nord. Au Japon en revanche l’activité économique s’est raffermie. Compte tenu du ralentissement de la croissance économique mondiale en 2005 et de l’évolution du marché pétrolier la croissance du commerce des marchandises – comme celle du PIB – s’est ralentie en termes réels tout en restant supérieure à la moyenne des dix dernières années.
Acknowledgements
The World Trade Report 2006 was prepared under the general direction of Deputy Director-General Alejandro Jara. Patrick Low Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division led the team responsible for writing the Report. The principal authors of the Report were Marc Bacchetta Bijit Bora K. Michael Finger Marion Jansen Alexander Keck Clarisse Morgan Roberta Piermartini and Robert Teh. Trade statistics information was provided by the Statistics Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division coordinated by Guy Karsenty Julia de Verteuil Andreas Maurer and Jürgen Richtering.
Le commerce des services en chiffres
La présente section montre l’importance du commerce des services dans l’économie mondiale en s’appuyant sur un ensemble de données expérimental établi par l’OMC appelé TISMOS (Trade in Services by Modes of Supply – Données sur le commerce des services par mode de fourniture). Cet ensemble de données rend compte des services fournis selon les quatre modes définis dans l’Accord général sur le commerce des services (AGCS) de l’OMC; les statistiques traditionnelles sur le commerce des services ne portent que sur trois des quatre modes de fourniture de l’AGCS. La présente section traite aussi de la participation des économies en développement y compris les pays les moins avancés (PMA) de l’importance des micro petites et moyennes entreprises (MPME) et du rôle des femmes dans le commerce des services. Enfin elle étudie la part de valeur ajoutée des services dans les chaînes de valeur mondiales.
Acknowledgements
The World Trade Report 2010 was prepared under the general direction of the Deputy Director-General Alejandro Jara and supervised by Patrick Low Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division. The principal authors of the Report were Marc Bacchetta Cosimo Beverelli John Hancock Alexander Keck Gaurav Nayyar Coleman Nee Roberta Piermartini Nadia Rocha Michele Ruta Robert Teh and Alan Yanovich. Other written contributions were provided by Marc Auboin Mireille Cossy and James Windon. Trade statistics information was provided by the Statistics Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division coordinated by Hubert Escaith Julia de Verteuil Andreas Maurer and Jurgen Richtering.
Acknowledgements
The World Trade Report 2008 was prepared under the general direction of Deputy Director-General Alejandro Jara. Patrick Low Director of the Economic Research and Statistics Division led the team responsible for writing the Report. The principal authors of the Report were Marc Bacchetta Chad Bown K. Michael Finger Marion Jansen Alexander Keck Roberta Piermartini Michele Ruta and Robert Teh. Trade statistics information was provided by the Statistics Group of the Economic Research and Statistics Division coordinated by Hubert Escaith Julia de Verteuil Andreas Maurer and Jürgen Richtering.
Introduction
The last two decades have seen an explosion of regional trade agreements some of them involving several countries many of them bilateral. Some have been local within regions others have stretched across regions. Some have involved deep integration going beyond the WTO while others have been quite light and superficial. All in all some 350 of these agreements exist.
Economic resilience: Dynamics of informality
Informality is associated with increased vulnerability of countries to economic shocks. At the same time informality raises the likelihood of being affected by (external) shocks. The combination of these two tendencies can create a vicious circle weakening the long-term performance of a country lowering the potential benefi ts it can derive from trade and reducing economic well-being. This chapter discusses how informal employment evolves over the cycle – differentiating among different segments of informal labour markets – and the consequences for economic resilience to shocks. It presents evidence of the extent to which informal economies increase volatility in growth performance and the frequency of extreme economic events. Moreover the chapter discusses the particular interaction between international capital fl ows and labour market informality in worsening a country’s vulnerability to shocks. It emphasizes the potentially adverse effects of offi cial development aid and international investment by multinationals within global production networks.
Aspects du commerce et des politiques commerciales
Considéré comme un moyen de réduire la dépendance des pays en développement vis-à-vis des marchés des pays développés et de diversifier les exportations du Sud au-delà des seuls produits primaires le commerce Sud-Sud est depuis longtemps encouragé. Pour l’essentiel les mécanismes mis en place en vue de favoriser la coopération entre pays en développement ont pris la forme d’arrangements sous-régionaux ou régionaux de nature souvent préférentielle. Durant les années 50 et 60 la promotion du commerce Sud-Sud s’est inscrite bien souvent dans un ensemble de mesures ancré dans une stratégie qui visait à substituer aux importations des productions nationales protégées par des obstacles au commerce élevés. Le commerce Sud-Sud a progressé par à-coups car les économies en développement alternaient alors les phases d’expansion et de repli. En dépit des efforts déployés pour promouvoir et diversifier le commerce Sud-Sud les flux de produits primaires sont restés prédominants dans la plupart de ces régions et ce commerce Sud-Sud ne représentait que 65 pour cent du commerce mondial en 1990.
Energy-related rules in Accession Protocols: Where are they?
Energy issues have not been systematically discussed by WTO members in the multilateral trading system. This is owing to the fact that there is no rule on energy per se in WTO agreements. Yet all tradable energy goods and services are covered by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 and the General Agreement on Trade in Services respectively. With energy security and climate change high on the global agenda there is increasing interest in how to deal with energy-related issues during WTO accession negotiations particularly given that several energy-producing countries energy-transit countries and energy-consuming countries are currently in accession negotiations. Following the examples of earlier accessions the ongoing negotiation dossiers would need to negotiate energy-related specific obligations in their terms of accession. This chapter identifies five key themes relating to energy in the WTO Accession Protocols of the Article XII members and explains the rationale of how these topics relate to trade in energy based on the existing WTO rules. Further it categorizes similar energy patterns and trends for Article XII members. Finally the chapter draws lessons for future WTO rule-making by arguing that these ‘updated’ rules on energy found in Article XII members’ Accession Protocols will have the potential to guide the envisaged regular work of the WTO on future rule-making on trade in energy thereby contributing to international energy cooperation in the context of the rules-based multilateral trading system.
Acknowledgements
This publication was prepared by Arti Gobind Daswani Roy Santana and János Volkai of the WTO Secretariat with the support of WTO Deputy Director-General Karl Brauner Valerie Hughes (former Director of the WTO’s Legal Affairs Division) Suja Rishikesh Mavroidis (Director of the WTO Market Access Division) and John Adank (Director of the Legal Affairs Division). Special acknowledgment is owed to William Castro of the WTO’s Young Professionals Programme for his contributions to the processing of the data and preparation of the one-page case summaries to WTO staff members Jesse Kreier and Olga Falgueras Alamo from the Rules Division for their contribution to the compilation of relevant documents and to Jesse Nicol from the Appellate Body Secretariat for his comments. The authors are also grateful to Laoise Ní Bhriain Maria Bressi and Bryson Strupp from the Archives Section of the WTO Information Management Services for their active collaboration in checking the archives and identifying relevant information and to Tan Albayrak intern at the Legal Affairs Division for assisting in the final editing of the onepage case summaries.
Introduction
Le formidable dynamisme de l’économie mondiale depuis un quart de siècle s’est accompagné de profonds bouleversements ce qui n’est guère surprenant dans la mesure où les deux phénomènes sont étroitement liés. L’économie mondiale ne prospère que si la productivité augmente ; et la productivité n’augmente que si l’économie mondiale produit plus et mieux de manière plus efficiente. Les préoccupations que la mondialisation suscite actuellement dans de nombreux pays peuvent être attribuées du moins en partie aux défis de l’ajustement économique liés à la croissance continue de la productivité dans l’économie mondiale. Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial 2017 s’intéresse à deux des moteurs les plus puissants du progrès économique mondial aujourd’hui la technologie et le commerce et examine comment ils influent sur les marchés du travail. Il analyse l’évolution des défis de l’ajustement au nouveau marché du travail et la manière dont les économies s’adaptent. Il examine en particulier les points communs et les différences dans la façon dont la technologie d’une part et le commerce d’autre part influencent le comportement du marché du travail.
Instituciones y asuntos de política
En esta sección se explica cómo funcionan en la práctica la normalización y la evaluación de la conformidad y se describen las características pertinentes de las infraestructuras de normalización y de evaluación de la conformidad en distintas regiones del mundo. Primero se hace un análisis del proceso de normalización y se estudia dónde se lleva a cabo la normalización cómo está organizada y quiénes participan en el proceso. La subsección 2 trata de la organización de la evaluación de la conformidad en los planos internacional regional y nacional y describe las formas en que los requisitos de evaluación de la conformidad pueden afectar al comercio.
Trade digitalization and financing: New hope for MSMES?
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) the SME Finance Forum and the World Bank Group estimate the entire MSME finance gap to be close to US$ 5 trillion hindering the ability of MSMEs to grow. This gap however is not due to a lack of available funds. A 2019 report by the International Trade Centre (ITC) indicated that “in 2018 global funds held US$ 1 trillion of cash-in-hand equity capital that was seeking investment opportunities”. Of particular concern is the trade finance gap which disproportionately affects MSMEs. Despite the low-risk nature of short-term trade finance the trade finance gap alone is estimated at upwards of US$ 1.5 trillion. The rejection rate of MSME proposals for trade finance is 45 per cent. According to the Asian Development Bank (ADB) “among MSMEs initially rejected that sought alternative financing 47 per cent were unable to find anything appropriate”; this does not include those firms that do not even apply for financing in the first place.
Standards in the multilateral trading system
This Section focuses on standards-related WTO legal texts and relevant jurisprudence. The Section begins with a discussion of the texts themselves. This is followed by a detailed discussion of some of the key concepts relevant to standards in the TBT and the SPS Agreements as well as GATT 1994. The Agreements are then placed in the context of the economic discussion presented in the previous Sections and reference is also made to accumulated standards-related jurisprudence. Since the focus of the Report is on product standards only WTO legal texts and jurisprudence bearing on “goods” will be discussed. It is important to note though that the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) also contains standards-related provisions on services specifically in Article VI paras. 4 and 5.