- Home
- Working Paper Series
- WTO Working Papers
WTO Working Papers
WTO working papers usually represent research in progress. Such research may be conducted in the preparation of WTO Secretariat reports, studies or other material for WTO members. The papers are circulated for comment because the WTO considers critical review of professional research to be extremely important.
E-ISSN:
25189808
Language:
English
296
results
1 - 50 of 296 results
-
-
A Global Framework for Climate Mitigation Policies
Publication Date: March 2024More LessWe explore a global carbon pricing framework to inform the potential coordination of carbon pricing and equivalent policies. The framework has three main features aligning with the current multilateral system for climate action. First, the carbon price is determined by a global average carbon price to achieve emission reductions required to remain on a 1.5-2 degrees Celsius global warming trajectory.
-
-
-
The Trade Effects of a New Agreement on Services Domestic Regulation
Authors: World Trade Organization, Roger Yu So and Eddy BekkersPublication Date: February 2024More LessIn this paper, we project the impact of the implementation of a Joint Statement Initiative (JSI) on Services Domestic Regulation (SDR). We proceed in three steps. First, we include the WTO SDR Index, a binary score of SDR implementation in 23 sectors and 86 economies, in a gravity equation, estimated with the balance of payments services trade. We take into account domestic services trade to identify the impact of the impo Read More
-
-
-
Tariff spillovers and new rules for multilateral tariff negotiations
Authors: World Trade Organization, Eddy Bekkers and Alexander KeckPublication Date: February 2024More LessSome countries have voiced unease about differences between their own tariff rates and those of major trading partners, calling for more ”reciprocity”. These calls raise the question how large the negative spillover effects of countries’ tariffs on others have become over time.
-
-
-
Tariff spillovers and new rules for multilateral tariff negotiations
Publication Date: INVALID DATEMore LessSome countries have voiced unease about differences between their own tariff rates and those of major trading partners, calling for more ”reciprocity”. These calls raise the question how large the negative spillover effects of countries’ tariffs on others have become over time.
-
-
-
Trade and Welfare Effects of the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement
Publication Date: February 2023More LessThe WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) has been predicted to bring about an expansion in trade flows and real income gains. To date, there is still very limited empirical evidence on the actual post-implementation impact of the TFA. This paper provides an assessment, combining econometric estimations from a structural gravity model with general equilibrium modelling results.
-
-
-
How will global trade patterns evolve in the long run?
Authors: World Trade Organization, Eddy Bekkers, Erwin Corong, Jeanne Métivier and Daniil OrlovPublication Date: January 2023More LessIn this paper the evolution of global trade patterns until 2050 is projected with a recursive dynamic computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Feeding the model with exogenous projections on macroeconomic, demographic, sectoral and trade cost variables, the evolution of trade patterns emerges endogenously from the model. The approach is innovative in both modelling approach and exogenous inputs. GDP growth eme Read More
-
-
-
International trade cooperation’s impact on the world economy
Authors: World Trade Organization, Jeanne Métivier, Marc Bacchetta, Eddy Bekkers and Robert KoopmanPublication Date: January 2023More LessIn this study, we investigate three trade policy scenarios: i) the revival of multilateralism, ii) plurilateral cooperation, and iii) geopolitical rivalry. In the first scenario, both tariffs and NTMs are reduced on a multilateral basis. In the second scenario, varying groups of countries cooperate on specific topics, such as E-commerce and services. In the last scenario, two main blocks emerge: a Western block and an Eastern block. I Read More
-
-
-
Trade policy implications of a changing world
Authors: World Trade Organization, Adam Jakubik, Alexander Keck and Roberta PiermartiniPublication Date: November 2022More LessEconomic theory suggests that countries' tariff commitments in trade agreements reflect their import market power at the time of negotiations. However, as countries grow, their market power in different sectors can change in unforeseen ways and their commitments may no longer reflect changed economic conditions. Using a newly built dataset of pre-Uruguay Round applied tariffs and relying on the theoretical framework Read More
-
-
-
Means of Liberalization and Beyond
Authors: World Trade Organization, Ruosi Zhang and Chuwankorn SasanabanchakulPublication Date: September 2022More LessThe scheduling approach constitutes a key element of services trade agreements as it is the means to pursue liberalization. This paper provides an overview of the scheduling approaches adopted in 187 trade agreements notified under GATS Article V as of 30 April 2022, analyses the differences between the positive and negative list approaches, and discusses their implications for negotiation strategies and trade policies.
-
-
-
Regulatory disciplines on the mobility of service professionals
Authors: World Trade Organization, Antonia Carzaniga and Swati SharmaPublication Date: August 2022More LessWhen it comes to services traded through the international movement of individuals (mode 4), Regional Trade Agreements (RTAs) have increasingly adopted trade-facilitating disciplines that both build upon and innovate the GATS framework. By analysing relevant provisions of RTAs, we are able to identify trends and commonalities in approach.
-
-
-
The future of global value chains and the role of the WTO
Authors: World Trade Organization and Uri DadushPublication Date: August 2022More LessDisruptions to global value chains (GVCs) — caused by conflicts, natural disasters, and accidents that close transport routes — and that affect specific regions or sectors, are not unusual. However, in recent years and amid the Covid-19 pandemic, they have become more frequent and severe. High profile, sizeable, and repeated disruptions raise pressing questions: Is the breakdown in many GVCs a temporary glitch, or Read More
-
-
-
Comparing different approaches to tackle the challenges of global carbon pricing
Authors: World Trade Organization, Eddy Bekkers and Gianmarco CariolaPublication Date: July 2022More LessClimate change mitigation faces two main policy challenges: the need for global cooperation to tackle the collective action problem and the need to share the burden of global carbon pricing fair way following the principle of common but differentiated responsibility (CBRD). In this paper we explore the best ways to incentivize regions to reduce their CO2 emissions while minimizing the welfare losses for low-income countries Read More
-
-
-
The Impact of Geopolitical Conflicts on Trade, Growth, and Innovation
Authors: World Trade Organization, Carlos Góes and Eddy BekkersPublication Date: July 2022More LessGeopolitical conflicts have increasingly been a driver of trade policy. We study the potential effects of global and persistent geopolitical conflicts on trade, technological innovation, and economic growth. In conventional trade models the welfare costs of such conflicts are modest. We build a multi-sector multi-region general equilibrium model with dynamic sector-specific knowledge diffusion, which magnifies welfare losses of Read More
-
-
-
Preference utilization in the global economy
Authors: World Trade Organization, Gianmarco Cariola and Rainer LanzPublication Date: May 2022More LessThis paper analyses the determinants of preference utilization using a novel WTO dataset that allows us to measure the underutilization of preferences across several importers, exporters and products over time. Building on the previous literature, we confirm that preference utilization is increasing with the size of exports, preference margin and geographical and linguistic proximity. We find that utilization rates tend to b Read More
-
-
-
Applying import-adjustmed demand methodology to trade analysis during the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: World Trade Organization, Marc Auboin and Floriana BorinoPublication Date: March 2022More LessIn this paper, we estimated the standard (macro-economic) import equation over the period 1995-2021Q2, using an import intensity-adjusted measure of aggregate demand (IAD) calculated from input-output tables at country level, and compared the results with regressions using GDP. Initially introduced by Bussière (2013), this "synthetic" concept of IAD was perfected, inter alia, by the IMF (2016) and by us (2017), with Read More
-
-
-
B2B E-commerce marketplaces and MSMES
Authors: World Trade Organization, Maxime Ladrière, Kathryn Lundquist and Qing YePublication Date: March 2022More LessIn theory, e-commerce marketplaces connect buyers and sellers, open trade opportunities, and reduce transaction costs thereby creating opportunities for more inclusive trade and even GVC participation, especially for micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs). Further, there is some evidence that MSMEs are more likely to use e-commerce marketplaces than large firms given these websites reduce sear Read More
-
-
-
COVID-19 vs. GFC
Authors: World Trade Organization, Socrates Kraido Majune and Kemal TürkcanPublication Date: March 2022More LessThis study describes trade margins (intensive and extensive) and establishes determinants of the mid-point export and import growth during the global financial crisis (GFC) and COVID-19 pandemic by relying on Kenya’s monthly customs transaction data (at 6-digit level of Harmonized System) for the period January 2006–June 2020. Exports fell during the two crises, of which the intensive margin was responsible for the Read More
-
-
-
The impact of LDC graduation on trade
Authors: World Trade Organization, Eddy Bekkers and Gianmarco CariolaPublication Date: February 2022More LessSeveral Least-Developed Countries (LDCs) will graduate from the LDC status in the coming decade implying that they will lose preferential access to export markets. We quantify the expected impact of LDC graduation on exports of graduating and non-graduating LDCs incorporating detailed preference utilization data in a partial equilibrium model. We compare the results under actual and full preference utilization rates. Sepa Read More
-
-
-
Communication break down
Publication Date: February 2022More LessAlthough a growing number of regional trade agreements (RTAs) include telecommunications provisions, the collection and systematization of information on telecommunications provisions in RTAs remain limited. This paper addresses this gap by mapping and reviewing the different types of provisions on telecommunications found in RTAs that have been notified to the World Trade Organization (WTO).
-
-
-
Innovation and patenting activities of COVID-19 vaccines in WTO members
Authors: World Trade Organization, Ting-Wei (Alex) Chiang and Xiaoping WuPublication Date: February 2022More LessThis working paper provides a statistical analysis of 74 patent families which cover subject matter relevant to ten COVID-19 vaccines. These vaccines have accounted for 99% of the global COVID-19 vaccine production as of 31 December 2021, comprising over ten billion doses.
-
-
-
How do environmental policies affect green innovation and trade?
Authors: World Trade Organization, Francesco S. Bellelli and Ankai XuPublication Date: January 2022More LessThis study investigates how environmental policies impact trade and innovation in environmental goods. We make two major contributions to the economic debate. First, we extract a set of information from the WTO Environmental Database (EDB) through natural language processing techniques that could be useful for future research and policy analysis. Second, we use this data to test a set of economic hypotheses o Read More
-
-
-
Services Domestic Regulation
Publication Date: September 2021More LessServices is the fastest-growing sector of today's global economy and trade in services is the most dynamic segment of world trade. However, its potential remains constrained by a variety of barriers: trade costs are estimated to be almost double those in goods, and more than 40% of trade costs are accounted for by regulation-related factors. Regulatory measures related to the permission to supply a service, i.e. those relat Read More
-
-
-
Assessing the Supply Chain Effect of Natural Disasters
Publication Date: July 2021More LessThis paper uses Chinese firm level data to detect the international propagation of adverse shocks triggered by the US hurricane season in 2005. We provide evidence that Chinese processing manufacturers with tight trade linkages to the United States reduced their intermediate imports from the United States between July and October 2005.
-
-
-
“Agricultural Products” and “Fishery Products” in the GATT and WTO
Publication Date: May 2021More LessThe WTO Agreement on Agriculture applies to those “agricultural products” as defined in its Annex 1. This definition expressly excludes “fish and fish products” from the scope of application of the Agreement. In light of this exclusion, the paper is intended to provide a historical account of the relationship between agricultural products and fishery products in the context of the negotiations leading to and during the GATT period Read More
-
-
-
Buena Vista Social Corporate Responsibility Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements
Publication Date: March 2021More LessCorporate social responsibility (CSR) has become an integral part of many companies' business strategy. A detailed analysis of 579 RTAs, including 305 agreements currently in force and notified to the WTO (as of December 2020), reveals that a limited but increasing number of RTAs, namely 65 agreements, refer explicitly to CSR. These CSR-related provisions are particularly heterogeneous in terms of location in the RTA, languag Read More
-
-
-
The Impact of Services Liberalization on Education
Publication Date: March 2021More LessThis paper studies the impact of services liberalization on education and the gender education gap at the district level in India. We focus on the time period 1987 to 1999 and three services sectors - banking, insurance and telecommunications - which were all state monopolies, have been heavily liberalized in the time frame studied, have relatively high shares of female employment and require high education investments. Read More
-
-
-
Africa’s Integration in the WTO Multilateral Trading System
Publication Date: March 2021More LessThe Marrakesh Agreement establishing the WTO recognizes the need for positive efforts designed to ensure that developing countries and especially the least developed among them secure a share in the growth in international trade commensurate with the needs of their economic development.This article discusses how the WTO contributes to facilitating Africa’s integration into the WTO multilateral trading system. Read More
-
-
-
The Evolution of Gender-Related Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements
Publication Date: February 2021More LessRegional Trade agreements (RTAs) are sometimes considered as laboratories in which new types of provisions are negotiated to address recent trade-related issues. Although the inclusion of gender-related provisions in RTAs is not a recent phenomenon, only a limited but increasing number of RTAs refer explicitly to gender-related issues. These gender-related provisions are highly heterogeneous and differ in terms of locatio Read More
-
-
-
Hold the Line: The Evolution of Telecommunications Provisions in Regional Trade Agreements
Publication Date: February 2021More LessBased on the first comprehensive mapping of telecommunications provisions telecommunications in regional trade agreements (RTAs), this paper shows that telecommunications provisions in RTAs have evolved and expanded significantly over the years. While some provisions focus on information and communications technologies (ICT) infrastructure, policy and investment, other provisions address telecommunications Read More
-
-
-
The WTO Global Trade Costs Index and Its Determinants
Publication Date: February 2021More LessThis study provides a decomposition of the WTO Global Trade Costs Index into five policy-relevant components: transport and travel costs; information and transaction costs; ICT connectedness; trade policy and regulatory differences; and governance quality. The WTO Global Trade Costs Index is based on a new methodology by Egger et al. (2021) that delivers directional trade cost estimates and sector-specific elasticities Read More
-
-
-
Trade Finance, Gaps and the COVID-19 Pandemic
Publication Date: February 2021More LessDevelopments in trade finance in 2020 were largely driven by the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Twelve years after the great financial crisis of 2008-09, the issue of trade finance re-emerged as a matter of urgency. While the current pandemic-related crisis did not have a financial cause, one of its results has been that many countries are experiencing difficulties in accessing trade credit. This is occurring notably in countri Read More
-
-
-
Intellectual Property and Digital Trade Mapping International Regulatory Responses to Emerging Issues
Publication Date: February 2021More LessThis paper explores how regulatory responses to emerging IP issues in digital trade may develop at the international level and in particular how existing mechanisms might influence the chances of developing internationally agreed rules in this regard. The primacy of state sovereignty in intellectual property up to the late 19th century gave way to the important WIPO treaties, which still retained some independence of me Read More
-
-
-
COVID-19 and Global Value Chains
Publication Date: January 2021More LessSince the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic there has been a discussion among researchers and policy makers about changes to global value chains, both about expected changes and changes that should be promoted by government policies. In this paper we conduct an in-depth analysis of the reasons for changes in global value chains as a result of COVID-19 both from a positive angle, analysing expected changes in the Read More
-
-
-
Trade Costs in the Global Economy
Publication Date: January 2021More LessProper measurement and aggregation of trade costs is of paramount importance for sound academic and policy analysis of the determinants - particularly those of policy - of economic outcomes. The international trade profession has witnessed signifcant new developments, both on the theoretical and on the empirical side, concerning the measurement and decomposition of such costs into variable and fixed costs on the Read More
-
-
-
WTO Accession and Growth: Tang and Wei Redux
Publication Date: January 2021More LessOn the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the WTO, this paper re-estimates the impact of WTO accession on growth. Joining the multilateral trading system not only expands access to international markets but also requires commitment to domestic reforms. Tang and Wei (2009) showed that there is in fact a positive effect of WTO on growth also during the period of accession when these commitments are undertaken.
-
-
-
The value of the Committee on Agriculture
Publication Date: December 2020More LessWhat is the value of the WTO Committee on Agriculture? How much trade do countries talk about at the WTO? Do low-income countries participate less than they should in the work of the Committee? How important are issues not covered by notifications? What are the most important issues on which to focus negotiations?
-
-
-
The Shifting Contours of Trade in Knowledge
Publication Date: December 2020More LessThis paper charts the evolution and diversification of trade in knowledge that has taken place in the quarter-century since the WTO TRIPS Agreement came into force. Entirely new markets have come into being, potentially redefining the very character of 'trade'.
-
-
-
Illicit Trade and Infectious Diseases
Publication Date: November 2020More LessWe collect a novel dataset that covers about 130 countries and the six four-digit live animal categories in the Harmonized System (HS) over a sixteen-year period, to study the link between illicit trade in live animals and threat to animal health from infectious diseases.
-
-
-
Patent-Related Actions taken in WTO Members in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Publication Date: October 2020More LessCOVID-19, caused by SARS-Cov-2, was declared to be a pandemic by the World Health Organization on 11 March 2020. Since then, the issue of the relationship between patent protection and the development of and access to medical treatments and technologies – a longstanding and enduringly important public policy issue – has become central to the debate on the linkages between IP, innovation, access, and public h Read More
-
-
-
International Trade in Travel and Tourism Services
Publication Date: September 2020More LessIn this paper, we investigate tourism-related policy approaches that WTO member countries adopted in the early weeks of the COVID-19 crisis. We highlight the need for stakeholders to coordinate their responses in order to mitigate the negative crisis effects and better prepare the sector for the future. In doing so, we explore the economic impact of potential tourism scenarios, underlining both the demand and supply side eff Read More
-
-
-
Trade Policies for a Circular Economy
Publication Date: June 2020More LessFrom its initial focus on minimizing waste generation, the circular economy has evolved into a broad-based approach to make resource use more sustainable. A big part of the appeal of a circular economy is the opportunities it creates not only for resource savings and better human health and environmental outcomes, but also for trade and economic diversification.
-
-
-
The Role of WTO Committees through the Lens of Specific Trade Concerns Raised in the TBT Committee
Publication Date: May 2020More LessIn this paper we provide some evidence of the common claim that STCs improve transparency and monitoring as well as help mitigate trade conflicts.
-
-
-
Trade and Environment
Publication Date: March 2020More LessIn order to ensure transparency and to keep abreast of trade policies in support of sustainability, the WTO Committee on Trade and Environment (CTE) mandated the WTO Secretariat to compile and collate all environment-related measures notified to WTO. The database also includes environment-related entries found in Trade Policy Reviews (TPRs).
-
-
-
An Economic Analysis of the US-China Trade Conflict
Publication Date: March 2020More LessThis paper provides an economic analysis of the trade conflict between the US and China, providing an overview of the tariff increases, a discussion of the background of the trade conflict, and an analysis of the economic effects of the trade conflict, based both on empirics (ex post analysis) and on simulations (ex ante analysis).
-
-
-
Protectionnisme dans l'assurance et la réassurance africaine
Publication Date: March 2020More LessLe concept d'assurance est fondé sur la mutualisation de risques futurs aléatoires moyennant le paiement en amont d'une contribution financière par le client (la prime d'assurance). Pour être effective, l'assurance suppose une confiance élevée de la part des clients dans la capacité des fournisseurs d'assurance (les compagnies d'assurance) à payer les dommages lorsqu'ils se matérialisent. Sinon, les clients ne payeraien Read More
-
-
-
The Development of Trade Policies in the Asia and Pacific Region Over the Past 30 Years Since 1989
Publication Date: February 2020More LessThis paper reviews the main developments of trade and related policies and measures in the Asia and Pacific region during the 30 years since establishment, in 1989, of the Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM). The objectives of the TPRM include facilitating the smooth functioning of the multilateral trading system by enhancing the transparency of WTO Members' trade policies.
-
-
-
Lessons Learned and Challenges Ahead for the WTO Trade Monitoring Exercise
Publication Date: February 2020More LessA little over a decade has passed since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008. Shortly after the collapse of the Lehman Brothers investment bank, an internal Secretariat Task Force was established by the WTO Director-General to monitor the trade-related developments associated with the crisis. Meeting in London in early 2009, the G20 Leaders mandated the WTO, together with other international bodies, to monitor an Read More
-
-
-
The WTO's TPR Coverage of SPS Systems in Sub-Saharan Africa
Publication Date: February 2020More LessThe main purpose of the paper is to present the coverage of SPS systems in SSA countries by TPR reports, and their main findings. It also opens the discussion as to whether the SPS analytical framework in TPR reports has been sufficiently comprehensive and beneficial in guiding technical assistance (TPR follow-up) activities in SSA. At the outset, we briefly present the strategic importance of agriculture in SSA countries, wit Read More
-
-
-
The evolution of services trade policy since the great recession
Publication Date: February 2020More LessAre changes in services markets provoking reform, restrictions, or inertia? To address this question, we draw upon a new World Bank-WTO Services Trade Policy Database (STPD) to analyse the services trade policies of 68 economies in 23 subsectors across five broad areas—financial services, telecommunications, distribution, transportation and professional services, respectively.
-
-
-
Gender-specific differences in geographical mobility
Publication Date: January 2020More LessThe gains from trade depend on the reallocation of resources, including labour, across firms and sectors. However, workers are unlikely to be fully mobile since there are barriers to sectoral and geographical mobility due to social reasons such as family or existing private and professional networks. If these barriers depend on specific characteristics of workers, such as education, gender or race, this has important implicati Read More
-