Trade facilitation and customs valuation
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Introduction
Jan 2010
Chapter
Governments have collected customs duties since the beginnings of international trade. It is recorded that Athens applied 20 percent import duties on corn and other goods, while the Romans, from well before the time of Julius Caesar, depended upon customs revenues to support the expansion and maintenance of their empire. And, where a tax must be collected, there will be disputes over rates and methods – the Roman customs collector was accused of Read More
Théorie et mesure de la facilitation des échanges
Oct 2015
Chapter
Cette section présente d’abord un cadre conceptuel permettant de comprendre les effets économiques de la facilitation des échanges, c’est-à-dire comment l’amélioration des procédures commerciales réduit les coûts du commerce et comment cela influe sur la structure et le volume des échanges, l’allocation des ressources et le bien-être économique. Étant donné que la facilitation des échanges peut en principe être mise en oeuvre unilatéralement, la Read More
Résumé analytique
Oct 2015
Chapter
La facilitation des échanges revêt une importance cruciale pour réduire les coûts du commerce, qui restent élevés malgré la forte baisse du coût des transports, les progrès des technologies de l’information et de la communication et la réduction des obstacles au commerce dans de nombreux pays.
Estimation des avantages de l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges
Oct 2015
Chapter
Cette section tente de quantifier les différents avantages pouvant résulter des réformes axées sur la facilitation des échanges, et en particulier de la mise en oeuvre de l’Accord sur la facilitation des échanges, pour l’économie mondiale. Tout d’abord, on estime dans quelle mesure la mise en oeuvre de l’AFE pourrait réduire les coûts du commerce et on détermine quel groupe de pays et quelles régions pourraient bénéficier de la plus forte réduction. O Read More
A Handbook on the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement
Jan 2010
Chapter
This guide to the WTO Customs Valuation Agreement is based on the authors' experiences of teaching its finer points to customs officials and policy-makers around the world. Covering the methods of valuation and the provisions on enforcement, implementation and dispute settlement, the authors give practical examples, explain interpretative decisions of national and international customs bodies, and analyze the history of its negotiation. Written as a lear Read More
Agradecimientos y Descago de reponsabilidad
Oct 2015
Chapter
El Informe sobre el Comercio Mundial 2015 ha sido elaborado bajo la responsabilidad general de Xiaozhun Yi, Director General Adjunto de la OMC, y Robert Koopman, Director de la División de Estudios Económicos y Estadística. El informe de este año ha sido coordinado por Coleman Nee y Robert Teh. Los autores del informe son Marc Auboin, Marc Bacchetta, Cosimo Beverelli, John Hancock, Christian Henn, Alexander Keck, José Antonio Monteiro, Coleman N Read More
Executive summary
Source:
World Trade Report 2015
Oct 2015
Chapter
Trade facilitation is critical to reducing trade costs, which remain high despite the steep decline in the cost of transportation, improvements in information and communication technology, and the reduction of trade barriers in many countries.
Foreword by the WTO Director-General
Source:
World Trade Report 2015
Oct 2015
Chapter
When WTO members concluded their negotiations on the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) in Bali in December 2013, they created the first multilateral agreement since the WTO was founded nearly two decades earlier. It demonstrated how global rule-making was functioning effectively to address impediments to today’s global commerce. As much as efforts to further liberalize trade policies, the streamlining, speeding up, and coordinating o Read More
Foreword
Jan 2010
Chapter
This book on customs valuation is a welcome addition to the WTO Secretariat/Cambridge University Press’s Handbook series. The Customs Valuation Agreement is the common system for determining the value of imports for duty assessment purposes and is therefore important to the everyday work of importers, customs officials, and others involved in international trade. However, because the Agreement is technical in nature and trade transacti Read More
Big data, data analytics, artificial intelligence and machine learning
Mar 2022
Chapter
Around half of customs authorities use some combination of big data analytics, AI and machine learning, while the other half plans to do so in the future. The majority of respondents see clear benefits from the technology, where risk management and profiling, fraud detection, and greater compliance are the most prevalent.
Conclusion
Mar 2022
Chapter
The survey shows a high level of interest and activity in the testing and implementation of the three areas of advanced technology in customs authorities worldwide. Over half of respondents report using IoT, AI and machine learning, while only Argentina and Uruguay are currently deploying blockchain.
Internet of things
Mar 2022
Chapter
Members are experimenting with the use of IoT to fully automate bordercrossings and customs procedures in national ports. Other projects have introduced centralized X-ray image analysis across multiple scanning stations and the use of radio frequency identification (RFID) antennas or e-seals to ensure traceability of goods and means of transport.
Blockchain and distributed ledger technology
Mar 2022
Chapter
Blockchain and DLT are still in an experimental phase for many customs authorities, with around a third testing it through proofs of concept (PoCs) and pilot projects using mainly permissioned (i.e. private) blockchains. Only Argentina and Uruguay report full deployment of this technology.
Acknowledgements
Jun 2022
Chapter
This work was started under the direction of WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala and was overseen by Deputy Director-General Anabel González and Yuvan Beejadhur, Senior Adviser to the Director-General.
Recomendaciones
Apr 2022
Chapter
Los PDSL constituyen un grupo muy especial de países que se enfrentan a dificultades muy atípicas. Para hacer frente a estos desafíos será necesario adoptar medidas concretas destinadas a integrar más plenamente a los PDSL en el sistema multilateral de comercio. En el presente informe se han identificado algunas de las esferas y cuestiones respecto de las que tanto los propios PDSL como las organizaciones y países de tránsito involucra Read More
Recommendations
Dec 2021
Chapter
LLDCs are a very special group of countries, which face very atypical constraints. To address these challenges will require special measures to more fully integrate LLDCs into the multilateral trading system. This report has identified some of the areas and issues where targeted steps need to be taken to ease trade bottlenecks – not only by the LLDCs themselves but also transit countries and organizations involved. The paucity of up-to-date data and the Read More
Foreword by Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Dec 2021
Chapter
Among the outreach activities I have undertaken since becoming Director-General have been very detailed and substantive meetings with landlocked developing countries (LLDCs). They have told me how the particular barriers they face due to a lack of territorial access to the sea and isolation from the world’s largest markets restrict the free flow of trade and impose constraints on their socio-economic development. The COVID-19 pandemic has Read More
Prólogo de la Directora General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala
Apr 2022
Chapter
Entre las actividades de divulgación que he llevado a cabo desde que asumí el cargo de Directora General se encuentran reuniones muy detalladas y sustanciales con los países en desarrollo sin litoral (PDSL). Me han informado de cómo los obstáculos específicos a los que se enfrentan debido a la falta de acceso territorial al mar y al aislamiento de los mayores mercados del mundo restringen la libre circulación del comercio e imponen limitaciones Read More
WTO’s Trade Facilitation Agreement
Dec 2021
Chapter
The TFA contains several provisions for expediting the movement, release and clearance of goods, including goods in transit, and easing trade bottlenecks at borders. It sets out measures for effective cooperation between customs and other appropriate authorities on trade facilitation and customs compliance issues. A key pillar of the TFA is a series of provisions for technical assistance and capacity building (TACB). Entering into force on 22 February 201 Read More
El Acuerdo sobre Facilitación del Comercio de la OMC
Apr 2022
Chapter
El AFC contiene varias disposiciones para agilizar el movimiento, el levante y el despacho de mercancías, incluidas las mercancías en tránsito, y aliviar los escollos comerciales en las fronteras. Establece medidas para la cooperación efectiva entre las autoridades aduaneras y otras autoridades competentes en las cuestiones relativas a la facilitación del comercio y el cumplimiento de los procedimientos aduaneros. Un pilar fundamental del AFC son las dis Read More
Landlocked developing countries and trade bottlenecks
Dec 2021
Chapter
Trade is critical to the economic growth of countries, which means facilitating trade is a priority for governments. Landlocked developing countries (LLDCs) are without direct territorial access to a sea or ocean, so ease of trade is linked to their survival.
Los países en desarrollo sin litoral y los escollos comerciales
Apr 2022
Chapter
El comercio reviste una importancia crítica para el crecimiento económico de los países, por lo cual la facilitación del comercio es una prioridad para los Gobiernos. Los países en desarrollo sin litoral (PDSL) carecen de acceso territorial directo a un mar u océano, de modo que la facilitación del comercio está vinculada a su supervivencia (véase el cuadro 1). Los desafíos especiales que genera el hecho de estar aislado de los principales mercados del m Read More
WTO’s TBT Agreement: technical barriers to trade
Dec 2021
Chapter
The WTO’s TBT Agreement entered into force with the establishment of the WTO on 1 January 1995. It aims to ensure that product requirements in regulations and standards (on safety, quality, health and the environment) as well as procedures for assessing product compliance with such requirements (certification, testing, inspection, accreditation) are not unjustifiably discriminatory and do not create unnecessary obstacles to trade.1 The TBT A Read More
El Acuerdo OTC de la OMC: Obstáculos técnicos al comercio
Apr 2022
Chapter
El Acuerdo OTC de la OMC entró en vigor al establecerse la OMC el 1 de enero de 1995. Su objetivo es velar por que las prescripciones para los productos previstas en los reglamentos y las normas (sobre seguridad, calidad, salud, etc.), así como los procedimientos para evaluar la conformidad de los productos con tales prescripciones (prueba, inspección, acreditación, etc.), no constituyan una discriminación injustificada ni creen obstáculos innecesarios a Read More
WTO’s SPS Agreement: sanitary and phytosanitary measures
Dec 2021
Chapter
The WTO SPS Agreement sets out the basic rules for food safety and animal and plant health standards. It aims to strike a balance between WTO members’ rights to protect human, animal or plant life or health, and their obligation not to restrict trade more than necessary. Given the technical and costly nature of some of these measures, certain sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) requirements imposed by importing members could be difficult to meet for LLD Read More
El Acuerdo MSF de la OMC: Medidas sanitarias y fitosanitarias
Apr 2022
Chapter
El Acuerdo MSF de la OMC establece las normas básicas de inocuidad de los alimentos y sanidad animal y vegetal. Su objetivo es lograr un equilibrio entre los derechos de los Miembros de la OMC a proteger la salud y la vida de las personas y de los animales o la preservación de los vegetales, y su obligación de no restringir el comercio más de lo necesario. Dado el carácter técnico y el elevado costo de algunas de esas medidas, varias prescripciones sanitari Read More
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