Development and building trade capacity

Aunque los recientes avances tecnológicos han propiciado el auge del comercio digital, este auge se ha desarrollado sin normas claras y definidas, lo que se ha convertido en un problema para los países de América Latina. Con el estancamiento del régimen multilateral de comercio, han surgido acuerdos regionales y bilaterales más complejos. La reglamentación del comercio digital plantea muchas cuestiones. En este capítulo abordamos las nueva Read More

Le Rapport sur le commerce mondial a été rédigé sous la supervision de Patrick Low, Directeur de la Division de la recherche économique et des statistiques. Ses principaux auteurs sont Bijit Bora, K. Michael Finger, Marion Jansen, Alexander Keck, Patrick Low, Hildegunn Nordas, Roberta Piermartini et Robert Teh. Les données sur le commerce et les informations sur les droits de douane ont été fournies par les statisticiens de la Division de la recherche écon Read More

En el presente estudio se analizan la situación, los desafíos y las oportunidades del comercio electrónico en Mauricio. La proporción de la población que realiza compras en línea era del 14% en 2017, el segundo nivel más alto (después de Libia) en África, debido en gran parte al aumento de la utilización y de la tasa de penetración de Internet, unido al incremento del uso de las tarjetas de crédito y al desarrollo de sistemas seguros de pago en línea. Ma Read More

The reorganization of supply chains using advanced technologies, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data analytics, and autonomous robotics, is transforming the model of supply chain management from a linear one, in which instructions flow from supplier to producer to distributor to consumer, and back, to a more integrated model in which information flows in an omnidirectional manner to the supply chain. While e-commerce is uniquely suit Read More

The aim of this chapter is to examine the broad framework which has been evolved for the reception of Aid for Trade (AFT) in Namibia. The economic situation before this period included the prevalence of poverty, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, low educational opportunities and a very highly skewed or unequal distribution of the wealth of the country, which has increased income inequalities and unsustainable economic growth, as outlined in Namibia Visio Read More

Geography is unkind. This could be a result of historical accident, wars or colonial boundaries but the results are the same. The classical definition of the factors of production is land, labour and capital. It is a fact of life that some countries have a limited supply of all three.

This chapter evaluates the impact on competitiveness of reforms undertaken by recently acceded countries and draws lessons for African countries pursuing the goal of becoming emerging economies. By comparing reform outcomes before and after accessions relative to control groups using the difference-in-difference evaluation method, the chapter concludes that the recently acceded members improved their international competitiveness, although t Read More

Informality is associated with increased vulnerability of countries to economic shocks. At the same time, informality raises the likelihood of being affected by (external) shocks. The combination of these two tendencies can create a vicious circle, weakening the long-term performance of a country, lowering the potential benefi ts it can derive from trade and reducing economic well-being. This chapter discusses how informal employment evolves over the Read More

Twenty-first century Africa is in a process of economic transformation, but challenges remain in areas such as structural reform, governance, commodity pricing and geopolitics. This book looks into key questions facing the continent, such as how Africa can achieve deeper integration into the rules-based multilateral trading system and the global economy. It provides a range of perspectives on the future of the multilateral trading system and Africa’ Read More

On 14 February 2020, Africa confirmed its first COVID-19 case in Egypt. To date, over 1 million cases have been reported, and there have been cases in every country on the continent. A study in May 2020 from the WHO Africa Regional Office posited that, within the first year of the pandemic, between 83,000 and 190,000 deaths and 5 million related hospitalizations could occur, and a further 29 to 44 million people could be infected if containment measures Read More

En 2013, el comercio mundial de mercancías siguió creciendo a un ritmo moderado del 2,2%, casi idéntico al incremento en el 2,3% del año anterior. Tanto en 2012 como en 2013, el crecimiento fue inferior al promedio del 5,3% de los 20 últimos años, y también considerablemente inferior al promedio del 6% de los 20 años inmediatamente anteriores a la crisis de 2008-2009. El volumen del comercio mundial de mercancías siguió aumentando lentamente Read More

The previous section has shown that the future of trade and economic growth depends on a range of factors. Predictions may change depending on how each of these factors develops. This section discusses how the fundamental economic factors shaping the future of international trade – namely demography, investment, technology, energy and other natural resources, transportation costs and the institutional framework – are likely to evol Read More

Trade liberalization policies affect the domestic economy through their impact on prices of goods and services. Consequently, these policies also can affect average productivity and lead to industrial restructuring. The main goal of this research is to estimate the distributional effects of trade policy at the micro level using household survey data, and to determine whether trade liberalization affected different groups of poor people differently. To our knowl Read More

En el presente capítulo se analizan los efectos de Internet en las cadenas de valor mundiales (CVM) de África. En concreto, analizamos qué repercusión tiene el uso de Internet en la participación progresiva y regresiva de los países africanos en las CVM. Nuestras estimaciones se basan en datos por países de la base de datos EORA de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo (UNCTAD) sobre las CVM y en datos de empresas proc Read More

Trade is a major source of employment. Nevertheless, trade has recently been caught in the crossfire in discussions around the decline of manufacturing employment and the polarization of labor markets in advanced economies. In this chapter we examine what the academic literature has to say on the relationship between trade and labor markets, with a specific focus on studies with a value chain perspective. We find that trade has only modest Read More

En el presente capítulo se analiza el potencial del comercio electrónico en África. El rápido crecimiento de Internet y de la telefonía móvil, junto con la adopción de innovaciones móviles que han impulsado en gran medida la inclusión financiera y fomentado el uso de los medios de pago electrónicos, han sentado una sólida base para el desarrollo del comercio electrónico en el continente. Por otro lado, la tasa de penetración bancaria (que sigue sie Read More

Le secteur créatif est une source importante de croissance dans l’économie mondiale, et le commerce des produits et services créatifs numériques a fortement augmenté ces dernières années, en particulier pendant la pandémie de COVID-19. Le contenu numérique remplace les biens physiques, par exemple, dans les segments de la musique, des livres et des jeux. Les agrégateurs numériques comme Amazon, Apple, Netflix, Spotify, TikTok et Y Read More

Analysis of the role of trade in contributing to poverty reduction needs to go beyond its impact on economic growth. As discussed in the preceding chapter, economic growth will remain the key driver of poverty reduction globally, and trade will continue to be a critical driver of growth. Nevertheless, in the areas in which extreme poverty is now concentrated — South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa — with predicted growth more than 370 million people in these Read More

Bien que les progrès technologiques récents aient été favorables à l’essor du commerce numérique, cette croissance s’est produite en l’absence de règles claires et précises. Cette lacune est devenue problématique pour les pays d’Amérique latine. Des accords régionaux et bilatéraux plus complexes ont fait leur apparition face à l’impasse dans laquelle se trouve le régime commercial multilatéral. L’élaboration d’une réglementation du commerce numériq Read More

This volume, the work of more than twenty authors, grew out of the Fourth China Round Table and the WTO’s Tenth Ministerial Conference, two seminal events held back-to-back in Nairobi, Kenya, in December 2015. The work presented here provides comprehensive, substantive insights of the African trade policy and development context in which these two meetings took place.